In integrated production, what are products called when they are produced together in a manufacturing process?

In integrated production, products that are produced together in a manufacturing process are referred to as co-products. This terminology is used to describe two or more products that have relatively equal economic value and are generated simultaneously from the same production process or resource input. Co-products typically arise in processes where resources are converted into various outputs, such as in the production of chemicals, food items, or materials where multiple valuable products can be harvested from a single input, like oil extraction leading to both gasoline and heating oil.

By contrast, by-products are secondary products that have less economic value compared to the main product. Direct products is a less common term that does not specifically pertain to the simultaneous production context as clearly as co-products. Outputs could refer to any end product of a process, but it lacks the specificity of indicating the equal or significant value of the products produced together.