According to Theory X, how should control be implemented?

Theory X posits that employees are inherently disinclined to work and require significant supervision and control to perform their duties effectively. This psychological model suggests that because individuals are primarily motivated by extrinsic factors like rewards and penalties, control in an organization should be implemented in a manner that reinforces this mindset. Therefore, control as specified under Theory X should be externally imposed, meaning managers believe in closely monitoring and directing employee activities to ensure productivity and compliance with organizational expectations. This contrasts with theories that emphasize internal motivation, collaboration, or enthusiasm, which are more aligned with Theory Y, where it is assumed that employees are self-motivated and seek responsibility.